托福寫作技巧

托福寫作技巧

　　yasIELTS WRITING SKILL

　　Ⅰ簡介

　　1.結(jié)構(gòu)

　　Tack 1:圖表題(20min 150~180words 1/3)

　　Tack 2: Essay (40min 250~300words 2/3)

　　2.評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Rating Mechanism/Criterion)

　　(1)字?jǐn)?shù):250words 9~15sentences 20~30words/sentence

　　(2)Fabric/Organization

　　4~5paragraphs

　　①Introduction (2~3sentences):導(dǎo)入問題、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度

　　②Main

　　③Body

　　④

　　⑤Conclusion:與開通呼應(yīng)

　　(3)切題

　　手段問題的擺出與觀點(diǎn)或?qū)懽髂康募懊�題相關(guān)，即不能寫于主題無關(guān)的句子。

　　注意：

　　①不用some people

　　②不要引用名人名言。

　　③Main Body段落的主旨句往往為首句，且要出現(xiàn)命題的核心詞或其近義詞。

　　(4)銜接（句與句間的邏輯關(guān)系，包括從句與主句的關(guān)系）

　　過渡（段落間的起承轉(zhuǎn)合）

　　(5)與法語拼寫

　　正確率在97%以上，即錯誤處<8

　　(6)句法復(fù)雜

　　復(fù)雜句>70% ①定于從句:sb,a sth,who does sth,is sb

　　②主語從句:That…, is a…

　　③狀語從句:Because Although

　　(7)句型多變 ①強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It is … that/who…

　　②倒莊句:Not…until…

　　③比較結(jié)構(gòu):平行、對稱

　　④分詞:Ex:⑴Analyzing this issue from macroeconomics angles, scientists claim that it looms large (嚴(yán)重).

　　⑵Analyzed from historical angle/perspectives…

　　↑Band 7

　　(8)詞匯

　　注意近義詞的使用

　　↑Band 8

　　(9)習(xí)語、成語、修辭

　　ⅡIntroduction (2~3sentences)

　　(1)Problem/Issue:

　　①陳述句或設(shè)問句

　　②不能照抄命題

　　③在提出問題前可陳述與命題有關(guān)的現(xiàn)象（不超過一句）

　　(2)Points(反/正/中)

　　(3) Examples:

　　①What roles does tax, regards of its various forms, play in the development of a nation and an individual tax player. On the basis/strength/ground of my understanding/experience/knowledge, it hinders and hampers （阻礙/押頭韻） human well being（人類福利）.

　　②05-6-11

　　What is the relationship between architecture and culture identities? Will constructing buildings in conventional styles contribute to the preservation and or protection of the so-called culture ,a term with rather elusive (難以捉摸) and even controversial senses. A voice advocating such a practice is prevailing (流行)/dominating（控制）the public. This concept, nevertheless, is dubious /problematic.

　　③05-7-9

　　Do health care and education fall in the responsibilities of a modern government, which has been universally considered to protect basic human rights?

　　④05-8-13

　　Crimes are a formidable social issue that confronts almost each and every modern civilization. Moreover, the reasons why some human individuals commit crimes are yet to be discovered, because how to prevent children from becoming criminals looms large.

　　⑤05-10-15

　　It is a fact that distinct dissimilarities in education and health conditions exist between rural and urban areas. These gaps, however, are not necessarily bridged by sending teachers or doctors to rural areas. This is because each individual has human rights and liberty in selecting job site. This essay thus attempt to offer insights into these issues.

　　⑥ 05-5-28

　　What is a sound relationship between the curricula (pl. for curriculum) in high education institute and job markets/employment? It has been traditionally held that high education should be isolated from/independed upon job markets. Although such a theory has not totally distaste (扭曲) or deformed (畸形) the whole picture. The interdependence between the two social elements must be emphasized.

　　否定：

　　①This argument goes against/to far facts and figures.

　　②This argument suffers formidable logic drawbacks/flows/fallacies in reasoning.

　　③Not only such a theory dubious in reasoning, but also it is misleading as far as…is concerned.

　　肯定：

　　④In fact the affirmative answer to this question is self-evident / well-supported / substantiated / championed.

　　⑤Much/Rich evidence in the course of human events lends/offers solid ground to this argument.

　　⑥

　　ⅢPoints 分析方法

　　(1)分類、外延

　　Examples: 06-8-12 The relationship between language and culture.

　　Language ①Listening & Speaking A1 ① Culture

　　②Reading & Writing A2 ②

　　③Switch (Translation) A3 ③

　　(2)Paragraph Fabric

　　①What

　　Topic sentence (1~2): ⅰ為判斷句:Y/N Pro(正)/Con(反)

　　Outline the main idea of the whole paragraph ⅱ句法結(jié)構(gòu)在正確的基礎(chǔ)上求復(fù)雜

　　ⅲ引出份論點(diǎn)

　　②Why(1~4)

　　ⅰ原因分析

　　ⅱ解釋（時間、空間、定性、定量、下定義）

　　ⅲ具體化

　　ⅳ預(yù)測后果（正/反）

　　ⅴ論據(jù)（無法充分論證時使用）

　　a.試驗(yàn)、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

　　Examples:

　　①statistics (pl.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù) statistic統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)) show that...

　　②a study/survey conducted/carried out by my university between 1997~20xx in my hometown shows that...

　　b.例子（生活中的本民族的或自己的例子）

　　Examples:

　　①my own/in person experience in New York during 1998~20xx serves as a typical/convening/telling and moving (曉之以理，動之以情) example/a case in point

　　②history is rich in evidence supporting these, for/take China as a case in point

　　ⅵ原因句型

　　a.單一原因表達(dá)

　　①This phenomenon has been traditionally contributed to the fact that/a assumption that…

　　②The main reason ,as universally accepted on the stage of/in the field of…,is that…

　　b.雙原因的表達(dá)

　　①This is partly because…, and partly because…

　　②This is more because…than because…

　　③Two major reasons are frequently acknowledged. For one thing…, for another (, still another…)/on one hand…, on the other hand…

　　c.解釋句型

　　①this means that…

　　②put it in other words…

　　③put it simply…

　　④that is to say…

　　④implied in this assertion (說法)/rhetoric/theory/argument/statement is that…

　　Examples:

　　①06-8-12

　　To be familiar with/to a culture and its life style is essential (indispensable/vital) to the learning of language that expresses such a culture, especially as far as listening and speaking skills are concerned. This is because listening and speaking whatever the contents, occur in a specific social setting (社會背景). But any social setting is subjected to (受…的制約) the culture and life style. For instance, “thank you” symbolizes that in the western civilization, happiness, liberty and life is (看作不同事物時用are，看作一系列事物時用is) highly emphasized. By contrast, “媽的” clearly shows that the traditional Chinese culture is characterized by “unhappy” rank-and-the-file (老百姓).

　　②05-4-16

　　The evolution of English into the global language has deeply reshaped the social and economic fabric/landscape. It is the language of English that bridges the east and the west, ending long period icy “cold times”(冷戰(zhàn)). Moreover (過渡詞) English accelerates/boosts the sustainable (可持續(xù)的) economic development in both developing and developed countries. In that (=because) it creates immense/massive job markets, helping a myriad (=a lot of) of those who would otherwise be unemployed. In addition, in terms of international relationship, English has remarkably united isolated nations with striking different political ideas.

　　Ⅳ常見的Topics

　　(1)Governor

　　政府應(yīng)該怎樣花錢

　　Useful words:

　　①eradicate：根除

　　②eliminate：消除

　　(2)Environment

　　Useful words:

　　①environment=ecosystem=biota

　　②green house effect

　　③Ozone depletion：臭氧層消耗

　　④Water and soil erosion：水土流失

　　⑤irrigation：灌溉

　　⑥chemical fertilize, pesticide

　　⑦global warming

　　⑧glacier：冰川 sea level

　　⑨habited：棲息地 biodiversity：生物多樣性

　　(3)Education

　　Useful words;

　　①scientific

　　②humanities

　　③pure art

　　(4)分析層面

　　①Physical health

　　②Psychological balance

　　③Career development survive

　　thrive

　　④Academic achievement

　　⑤Ethic & Moral, Aesthetic value

　　Example:

　　06-9-23

　　To be committed oneself to (投身于) the well-being of a community in which this very individual survives and thrives virtually benefits the development not only of the society as a whole, but, more vital of the specific person. Volunteer jobs build the physical health of young adults in that both out-door and in-door jobs demands more physical exercise than classroom learning. In addition, such jobs construct/foster (培養(yǎng)) their moral and ethic values, and the aesthetic tastes as well. Why? It is easy to understand. Through doing unpaid jobs for the sack of others, young adults understand the quintessence （本質(zhì) quint：第五；essence：本質(zhì)）of life: to give rather than to receive and get.

　　Furthermore, the positive impacts harvested from the young volunteers go far beyong the development of each volunteer on the community or society as a whole, they are brilliant, colorful, and significant. For one thing, volunteer jobs directly generate profits to the community, contributing to the economic development. Statistics indicate that my community, on average, gleans（收獲）more than ~$ annually from volunteer jobs.

　　For another, volunteer jobs generally focus on environmental protection/campaign against environmental pollution.

　　To sum up/conclude/In conclusion, it is beneficial for young people, including juveniles and adolescences/puberty to do volunteer jobs. But, I cast a skeptical eye on (=suspect) the argument that all young people must do volunteer jobs, because it might be harmful to some individuals or families.

　　Ⅴ圖表題

　　首段為信息段，說明研究的時間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容和對象。

　　Examples:

　　①06-1-14

　　This graph shows /gives the information that three stages involved in recycling of the Used Glass Bottles.

　　The first stage is rather simple. UGBs are put into rubbish cans, from which they can be moved/shipped by trucks to factories.

　　The second stage, however, seems to be somewhat complex/sophisticated in that it consists of several/numerous specific steps. To begin with, UGBs are washed by HPW. After this, they are classified according to color into 3 groups: G, B and C. Then each group UGBs are broken into tiny pieces which are melted/heated in the furnace. From the furnace comes liquid glass. Together with new liquid, this glass liquid is next moulded into new glass bottles. Here ends the second stag.

　　In the third stage, newly abreacted bottles are fulfilled with consumer goods. And they are packed and transported into supermarkets, where a new cycle begins.

　　Clearly, through these stages, UGBs have been well reused. However, how much glass can not be recycled is unavailable only on the basis of this graph.

　　②03-9-6

　　This picture reveals the differences/dissimilarities in…between CC and WC.

　　The main difference is in window design. In CC, the window is not set towards to the direction of the sun. But in WC, one room is equipped with 2 windows built two opposite aspects. During day time, windows are closed and covered. At night, however, they are open making ventilation possible so that the store heat can be removed.

　　Another difference is in roof style which CC cares for/demands HA roofs. WC roofs have over-hang pasts designed to form shade.

　　Still another difference is the materials. In CC, the interior walls are of thermos-building material. By contrast, the exterior walls are constructed with insulation: the roof uses heat-storage and heat-loss-reduction material. Nevertheless, roof in WC adopts/employees

　　external and internal insulation. Besides, reflection materials are utilized.

　　To sum (up)/To conclude, WC and CC are not the same in terms of house-design.

　　③03-9-20

　　Two possible sites for the supermarket are marked in the graph, which also indicates the potential pros and cons of each of the two: S1 and S2.

　　④劍3 P50

　　This bar chat illustrates the sum/the amount of money spent by each of the four countries in the each of the six kinds of consumer goods.

　　British eclipses/dwarfs/out number/out way/surpass the other three nations in terms of the amount of money understudy.

　　[⑴None out neighs Britain as far as the sum of money is concerned.

　　⑵Britain ranks next to none in terms of….]

　　Precisely, P.F. costs Britain about …, the maximum. PC by contrast, ranks…in the list of British spending.

　　In 1, 2 and 3, the money spent by France is lower than that by other countries. Similarly, German spends the least in 5 and 6. Put it in details…

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